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IG_357: Stucco and glass window with cypress trees and flowers in a vase
(GRC_Athens_BenakiMuseumOfIslamicArt_IG_357)

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Title

Stucco and glass window with cypress trees and flowers in a vase

Type of Object
Dimensions
118 x 37 cm (without frame); 129.5 x 49 x 3.5 cm (with frame)
Artist / Producer
Place of Manufacture
Dating
early 13th–early 14th centuries AH / 19th century CE
Location
Inventory Number
11051
Research Project
Author and Date of Entry
Francine Giese, Sophie Wolf 2025

Iconography

Description

Rectangular stucco and glass window with a bipartite central field composed of two cypress trees, each topped by a stylised flower, in the lower half, and a vase with symmetrically arranged spiral tendrils ending in three- or four-petalled flowers in the upper half. Both motifs are set against a perforated background, which is slightly recessed. The upper half of the central field is framed by a round arch ending in a knot that encloses an eight-pointed star. A canopy-like architecture consisting of columns with twisted shafts supporting the arch surrounds the main composition.

Iconclass Code
25G3(CYPRESS) · trees: cypress
25G41 · flowers
41A6711 · flowers in a vase
48C14 · architectural representations in general
Iconclass Keywords

Materials, Technique and State of Preservation

Materials

Coarse-grained gypsum plaster; coloured glass (several shades of green, turquoise, three shades of blue, three shades of yellow, two shades purple). Some of the blue pieces of glass are slightly streaky.

Technique

The latticework was carved into a rectangular stucco panel and inlaid with coloured sheet pieces of glass. The pieces of glass are fixed at the rear with a thin layer of gypsum plaster. The average thickness of the stucco panel is approximately 30mm. The stucco panel was cast in a wooden frame.

The design of the latticework has two levels: the main motif (level 0) has been carved out of the stucco panel with sharp, knife-like tools following a template incised in the surface of the panel. Traces of the incisions are still visible in some places on the front. The second level (level –1), which lies 5–7mm below level 0, shows irregularly spaced, conical perforations. The holes were pierced with a metal or wooden pin in the stucco before it was fully set. They are approximately 7mm in diameter and slightly tapered towards the back. The distance between the holes is 5–8mm. All the holes are backed with yellow glass.

The main design and the perforations have been worked in such a way that the incident light is directed downwards into the room.

The glass is coloured in the mass. Elongated parallel bubbles indicate that the glass sheets were mouth-blown (most probably cylinder-blown).

State of Preservations and Restorations

The window was thoroughly restored in 2003 and is well preserved. During restoration, earlier repairs were largely removed. The measures included cleaning the dirty and weathered surface of the stucco lattice (laser cleaning, density: 1.5 J/cm2 at 1064 nm), bonding cracks with acrylic resin and filling lacunae in the stucco lattice with acrylic filler. The repairs were retouched with pigmented acrylic emulsion. In addition, fragile areas were strengthened with gauze and acrylic resin. The original wooden frame was cleaned with solvent and reinforced by adding an aluminium frame. At the time of restoration, around 90% of the original pieces of glass were preserved. Missing pieces were replaced with new ones, which were was attached with cellulose nitrate.

History

Research

This stucco and glass window, which has a largely identical counterpart in IG_355, also held at the Benaki Museum of Islamic Art, stands out from most of the examples studied. Although it combines two of the most common motifs of stucco and glass windows, it differs significantly in the way these motifs are represented. The cypress trees (in the lower half of the window) are not entwined with tendrils as is usually the case in windows with this motif. The flowers-in-a-vase motif (upper half) differs from the standard representation in that the vase does not contain a bouquet composed of different flowers, but holds two spiral tendrils, which are strongly reminiscent of the Umayyad mosaics of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Also, the architectural frame is hardly found in any of the specimens examined (except IG_359 in the same museum). However, it is a common element in medieval book illumination, for example.

From a technical point of view, it can be assumed that this bipartite window was executed by a local workshop, most probably in Egypt. Although the rear of the window was not accessible during our examination, it can be concluded from the restoration report of 2004 that the window was made according to the traditional technique used in the manufacture of qamariyyāt in North Africa to this day (see Technique).

According to the museum records, the window dates to the 16th or 17th century. However, there are some indications that speak against this early date. On the one hand, the unusual representation of the two motifs, which could be the result of historicist tendencies, suggests a later dating. On the other hand, the window was in a relatively good state of preservation before the restoration in 2003, despite the poor weather resistance of the stucco lattice. If the window had been installed in a building in the 16th or 17th century and been exposed to the weather for two or three centuries, we would have expected it to be more heavily weathered before its restoration in 2003. Moreover, the pieces of glass show the characteristics of cylinder-blown sheet glass, a technique that was uncommon in the Islamic world at that time and more commonly used in Europe. Interestingly, the Hungarian architect Max Herz (1856–1819) states in 1902 that sheet glass was imported to Egypt from Europe from the 19th century, because local sheet-glass production had come to a standstill (Herz, 1902, p. 53).

The Cairo-based, Cypriot art and antique dealer Phokion Tanos (1898–1972) donated this window – along with 12 other qamariyyāt (11049–11059, 20969, 20960, see IG_336–359) – to the Benaki Museum in Athens, probably in the 1940s.

Dating
early 13th–early 14th centuries AH / 19th century CE
Period
1800 – 1900
Previous Locations
unknown · Egypt
Place of Manufacture

Provenance

Owner
Since 1940 (ca.): Benaki Museum of Islamic Art, Inventory Number: 11051, Athens (Greece), Donation
Previous Owner
From [year of reception unknown] until 1940 (ca.): Tanos, Phokion J.

Bibliography and Sources

Literature

Ballian, Anna (ed.) (2006): Benaki Museum. A Guide to the Museum of Islamic Art, Athens, Benaki Museum, pp. 136–137.

Herz, M. (1902). Le musée national du Caire. Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 3. Pér. 28, 45–59, 497–505.

Exhibitions

since 2004: Room III of the premanent exhibition of the Benaki Museum of Islamic Art, Athens

Image Information

Name of Image
GRC_Athens_BenakiMuseumOfIslamicArt_IG_357
Credits
© 2023 by Benaki Museum Athens

Citation suggestion

Giese, F., & Wolf, S. (2025). Stucco and glass window with cypress trees and flowers in a vase. In Vitrosearch. Retrieved December 5, 2025 from https://www.vitrosearch.ch/objects/2713201.

Record Information

Reference Number
IG_357